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Includes the C Standard library header <stdlib.h> and adds the associated names to the std namespace. Including this header ensures that the names declared using external linkage in the C standard library header are declared in the std namespace.

Requirements

Header: <cstdlib>

Namespace: std

Namespace and Macros

Exposition only functions

Start and termination functions

_Exit

Remarks

The program is terminated without executing destructors for objects of automatic, thread, or static storage duration and without calling functions passed to atexit(). The function _Exit is signal-safe.

abort

Remarks

The program is terminated without executing destructors for objects of automatic, thread, or static storage duration and without calling functions passed to atexit(). The function abort is signal-safe.

at_quick_exit

Return Value

Zero if the registration succeeds, non-zero if it fails.

Remarks

The at_quick_exit() functions register a function func, which is called without arguments when quick_exit is called. A call to at_quick_exit() that doesn't happen before all calls to quick_exit may not succeed. The at_quick_exit() functions don't introduce a data race. The order of registration may be indeterminate if at_quick_exit was called from more than one thread. Since at_quick_exit registrations are distinct from the atexit registrations, applications may need to call both registration functions using the same argument. MSVC supports the registration of at least 32 functions.

atexit

Remarks

The atexit() functions register the function pointed to by func to be called without arguments at normal program termination. A call to atexit() that doesn't happen before a call to exit() may not succeed. The atexit() functions don't introduce a data race.

Return Value

Returns zero if the registration succeeds, nonzero if it fails.

exit

Remarks

First, objects with thread storage duration and associated with the current thread are destroyed.

Next, objects with static storage duration are destroyed and functions registered by calling atexit are called. Automatic objects aren't destroyed when exit() is called. If control leaves a registered function called by exit because the function doesn't provide a handler for a thrown exception, std::terminate() is called. A function is called once for every time it's registered. Objects with automatic storage duration are all destroyed in a program whose main function contains no automatic objects and executes the call to exit(). Control can be transferred directly to such a main function by throwing an exception that's caught in main.

Next, all open C streams (as mediated by the function signatures declared in <cstdio>) with unwritten buffered data are flushed, all open C streams are closed, and all files created by calling tmpfile() are removed.

Finally, control is returned to the host environment. When status is zero or EXIT_SUCCESS, an implementation-defined form of the status successful termination is returned. MSVC returns a value of zero. If status is EXIT_FAILURE, MSVC returns a value of 3. Otherwise, MSVC returns the status parameter value.

getenv

quick_exit

Remarks

Generally, functions registered by calls to at_quick_exit are called in the reverse order of their registration. This order doesn't apply to functions registered after other registered functions have already been called. No objects are destroyed when quick_exit is called. If control leaves a registered function called by quick_exit because the function doesn't provide a handler for a thrown exception, std::terminate() is called. A function registered via at_quick_exit is invoked by the thread that calls quick_exit, which can be a different thread than the one that registered it. That means registered functions shouldn't rely on the identity of objects that have thread storage duration. After calling registered functions, quick_exit calls _Exit(status). The standard file buffers aren't flushed. The function quick_exit is signal-safe when the functions registered with at_quick_exit are.

system

Memory allocation functions

Remarks

These functions have the semantics specified in the C standard library. MSVC doesn't support the aligned_alloc function. C11 specified aligned_alloc() in a way that's incompatible with the Microsoft implementation of free(), namely, that free() must be able to handle highly aligned allocations.

Numeric string conversions

Remarks

These functions have the semantics specified in the C standard library.

Multibyte / wide string and character conversion functions

Remarks

These functions have the semantics specified in the C standard library.

Algorithm functions

Remarks

These functions have the semantics specified in the C standard library.

Low-quality random number generation functions

Remarks

These functions have the semantics specified in the C standard library.

Absolute values

Remarks

These functions have the semantics specified in the C standard library.

Integer division

Remarks

These functions have the semantics specified in the C standard library.

See also

Header Files Reference
C++ Standard Library Overview
Thread Safety in the C++ Standard Library

In the C++ programming language, the C++ Standard Library is a collection of classes and functions, which are written in the core language and part of the C++ ISO Standard itself.^[1]

Overview[edit]

The C++ Standard Library provides several generic containers, functions to utilize and manipulate these containers, function objects, generic strings and streams (including interactive and file I/O), support for some language features, and functions for everyday tasks such as finding the square root of a number. The C++ Standard Library also incorporates 18 headers of the ISO C90C standard library ending with '.h', but their use is deprecated.^[2] No other headers in the C++ Standard Library end in '.h'. Features of the C++ Standard Library are declared within the stdnamespace.

The C++ Standard Library is based upon conventions introduced by the Standard Template Library (STL), and has been influenced by research in generic programming and developers of the STL such as Alexander Stepanov and Meng Lee.^[3][4] Although the C++ Standard Library and the STL share many features, neither is a strict superset of the other.

A noteworthy feature of the C++ Standard Library is that it not only specifies the syntax and semantics of generic algorithms, but also places requirements on their performance.^[5] These performance requirements often correspond to a well-known algorithm, which is expected but not required to be used. In most cases this requires linear time O(n) or linearithmic time O(n log n), but in some cases higher bounds are allowed, such as quasilinear time O(n log²n) for stable sort (to allow in-place merge sort). Previously, sorting was only required to take O(n log n) on average, allowing the use of quicksort, which is fast in practice but has poor worst-case performance, but introsort was introduced to allow both fast average performance and optimal worst-case complexity, and as of C++11, sorting is guaranteed to be at worst linearithmic. In other cases requirements remain laxer, such as selection, which is only required to be linear on average (as in quickselect),^[6] not requiring worst-case linear as in introselect.

The C++ Standard Library underwent ISO standardization as part of the C++ ISO Standardization effort, and is undergoing further work^[7] regarding standardization of expanded functionality.

Implementations[edit]

At CppCon 2019 on September 16th, 2019, Microsoft announced releasing their implementation of the C++ Standard Library (also known as the STL) as open source.^[8] It is hosted on GitHub and licensed under the Apache License 2.0 with LLVM Exception.^[9][10]

The Apache C++ Standard Library is another open source implementation. It was originally developed commercially by Rogue Wave Software and later donated to the Apache Software Foundation.^[11] However, after more than five years without a release, the board of the Apache Software Foundation decided to end this project and move it to Apache Attic.^[12]

Standard headers[edit]

The following files contain the declarations of the C++ Standard Library.

Containers[edit]

<array>

New in C++11 and TR1. Provides the container class template std::array, a container for a fixed sized array.

<bitset>

Provides the specialized container class std::bitset, a bit array.

<deque>

Provides the container class template std::deque, a double-ended queue.

<forward_list>

New in C++11 and TR1. Provides the container class template std::forward_list, a singly linked list.

<list>

Provides the container class template std::list, a doubly linked list.

<map>

Provides the container class templates std::map and std::multimap, sorted associative array and multimap.

<queue>

Provides the container adapter class std::queue, a single-ended queue, and std::priority_queue, a priority queue.

<set>

Provides the container class templates std::set and std::multiset, sorted associative containers or sets.

<stack>

Provides the container adapter class std::stack, a stack.

<unordered_map>

New in C++11 and TR1. Provides the container class template std::unordered_map and std::unordered_multimap, hash tables.

<unordered_set>

New in C++11 and TR1. Provides the container class template std::unordered_set and std::unordered_multiset.

<vector>

Provides the container class template std::vector, a dynamic array.

General[edit]

<algorithm>

Provides definitions of many container algorithms.

<chrono>

Provides time elements, such as std::chrono::duration, std::chrono::time_point, and clocks.

<functional>

Provides several function objects, designed for use with the standard algorithms.

<iterator>

Provides classes and templates for working with iterators.

<memory>

Provides facilities for memory management in C++, including the class template std::unique_ptr.

<stdexcept>

Contains standard exception classes such as std::logic_error and std::runtime_error, both derived from std::exception.

<tuple>

New in C++11 and TR1. Provides a class template std::tuple, a tuple.

<utility>

Provides the template class std::pair, for working with object pairs (two-member tuples), and the namespace std::rel_ops, for easier operator overloading.

Localization[edit]

<locale>

Defines classes and declares functions that encapsulate and manipulate the information peculiar to a locale.

<codecvt>

Provides code conversion facets for various character encodings.

Strings[edit]

<string>

Provides the C++ standard string classes and templates.

<regex>

New in C++11. Provides utilities for pattern matching strings using regular expressions.

Streams and input/output[edit]

<fstream>

Provides facilities for file-based input and output. See fstream.

<iomanip>

Provides facilities to manipulate output formatting, such as the base used when formatting integers and the precision of floating point values.

<ios>

Provides several types and functions basic to the operation of iostreams.

<iosfwd>

Provides forward declarations of several I/O-related class templates.

<iostream>

Provides C++ input and output fundamentals. See iostream.

<istream>

Provides the template class std::istream and other supporting classes for input.

<ostream>

Provides the template class std::ostream and other supporting classes for output.

<sstream>

Provides the template class std::stringstream and other supporting classes for string manipulation.

<streambuf>

Provides reading and writing functionality to/from certain types of character sequences, such as external files or strings.

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Language support[edit]

<exception>

Provides several types and functions related to exception handling, including std::exception, the base class of all exceptions thrown by the Standard Library.

<limits>

Provides the template class std::numeric_limits, used for describing properties of fundamental numeric types.

<new>

Provides operators new and delete and other functions and types composing the fundamentals of C++ memory management.

<typeinfo>

Provides facilities for working with C++ run-time type information.

Thread support library[edit]

<thread>

New in C++11. Provide class and namespace for working with threads.

<mutex>

New in C++11. 30.4-1. This section provides mechanisms for mutual exclusion: mutexes, locks, and call once.

<condition_variable>

New in C++11. 30.5-1. Condition variables provide synchronization primitives used to block a thread until notified by some other thread that some condition is met or until a system time is reached.

<future>

New in C++11. 30.6.1-1. Describes components that a C++ program can use to retrieve in one thread the result (value or exception) from a function that has run in the same thread or another thread.

Numerics library[edit]

Components that C++ programs may use to perform seminumerical operations.

<complex>

The header <complex> defines a class template, and numerous functions for representing and manipulating complex numbers.

<random>

Facility for generating (pseudo-)random numbers

<valarray>

Defines five class templates (valarray, slice_array, gslice_array, mask_array, and indirect_array), two classes (slice and gslice),and a series of related function templates for representing and manipulating arrays of values.

<numeric>

Generalized numeric operations.

C standard library[edit]

Each header from the C Standard Library is included in the C++ Standard Library under a different name, generated by removing the .h, and adding a 'c' at the start; for example, 'time.h' becomes 'ctime'. The only difference between these headers and the traditional C Standard Library headers is that where possible the functions should be placed into the std:: namespace. In ISO C, functions in the standard library are allowed to be implemented by macros, which is not allowed by ISO C++.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^ISO/IEC 14882:2003(E) Programming Languages — C++ §17-27
2. ^ISO/IEC 14882:2003(E) Programming Languages — C++ §D.5
3. ^Bjarne Stroustrup. The Design and Evolution of C++ §8.5. Addison Wesley. ISBN0-201-54330-3.
4. ^Alexander Stepanov, Meng Lee (1 August 1994). 'The Standard Template Library'. HP Labs. Retrieved 22 October 2017.
5. ^'Generic Algorithms', David Musser
6. ^'std::nth_element'. cppreference.com. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
7. ^'JTC1/SC22/WG21 - The C++ Standards Committee'. ISO/IEC. Retrieved 7 July 2009.
8. ^https://devblogs.microsoft.com/cppblog/open-sourcing-msvcs-stl/
9. ^https://github.com/microsoft/STL
10. ^https://github.com/microsoft/STL/blob/master/LICENSE.txt
11. ^Apache C++ Standard Library
12. ^Brett Porter (18 July 2013). 'Apache C++ Standard Library and the Attic'. stdcxx-dev mailing list. Retrieved 27 February 2014.

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Further reading[edit]

Dev C++ Programming

• Stroustrup, Bjarne. The C++ Programming Language. Addison-Wesley. ISBN978-0321563842.
• Josuttis, Nicolai. The C++ Standard Library - A Tutorial and Reference. Addison-Wesley. ISBN978-0-321-62321-8.
• Van Weert, Peter; Gregoire, Marc. C++ Standard Library Quick Reference. Apress. ISBN978-1484218754.

External links[edit]

• Apache C++ Standard Library Wiki, retired 15 May 2014 (based on Rogue Wave C++ Standard Library 4.1.0)

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